Metagalaxy

Galaxies, similarly to stars, are observed by groups. Our Galaxy and the Fog of Andromedae is included into Local group of galaxies which sizes achieve hundreds thousand parsec. The local group represents rather small system as there are the congestions containing hundreds and thousand of galaxies. The congestion of galaxies nearest to us is in constellation of Deva and totals hundreds large galaxies. The distance up to it about 20 Mpc, is system in diameter more than 6 Mpc. Large congestions of galaxies are in constellations Hair of the Veronica, Northern Crown, Oat-flakes, etc. The Data of anagalactic astronomy specify that is possible, there is the Local supercongestion of galaxies numbering about 10 thousand of galaxies and having diameter about 50 Mpc. In its center the congestion of galaxies in constellation of Deva is located. At the end of 70th of century. Astronomers have found out, that galaxies in supercongestions are allocated not in regular intervals, and concentrated near to borders, inside which galaxies it is few. Theoretically expected an opportunity of such distribution of galaxies that is why was not unexpected.

So, in large-scale structure of the universe there are no any special, something allocated places or directions, therefore in the big scales the universe can be counted not only homogeneous, but also isotope. All covered a part of the universe refers to as modern methods of astronomical supervision by the Metagalaxy (or our universe). In the Metagalaxy the space between galaxies is filled with extremely rarefied intergalactic gas, penetrated by space beams, in it there are gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and it is possible, and invisible weights of substance. And nevertheless there are no bases to identify the Metagalaxy with all universe. Existence of others, while unknown to us of Metagalaxies basically is possible. Distance up to a lot of galaxies have been determined American astronomer E.Hubble. Comparison of distances up to galaxies with speeds of their removal (speeds have been determined still by the Slyfer and other astronomers and only were corrected due to the account of movement of the Sun in Galaxies) has allowed E.Hubble to establish in 1929. remarkable law; the further the galaxy, the is more speed of its removal from us. Appeared, that there is a simple dependence between speed of removal of galaxies and distance up to it: v=HR Factor of proportionality H name now Hubble's constant. Capacity of astronomical researches has immeasurably increased, and these researches have confirmed Hubble's law the law of proportionality of speed of removal of galaxies their distance. However appeared, that the size of factor of proportionality H of Hubble has been strongly overestimated. According to modern estimations H almost ten times it is less. This opening showed, that galaxies leave from us in all sides and speed of this removal is directly proportional to distance.

It is possible to be convinced that the picture of expansion connected to the law of Hubble, is represented identical to the observer who is taking place in any point of space. We shall take a homogeneous sphere and then we shall increase it) sizes, say, twice so that globe still remained homogeneous. Clearly, that thus distance between any pairs points inside a sphere too will be doubled, as though we chose these points inside a sphere. Means, at inflating a sphere where the observer was inside it, it will see an identical picture of removal from it all points inside a sphere. If to take a sphere beyond all bounds sizable we and shall receive a picture described above, not dependent on position of the observer. The escape of galaxies in general does not influence in any way separate bodies. We saw, that the infinite homogeneous substance does not create any gravitation inside a spherical cavity, i.e. does not influence in any way bodies.

Precisely just as in a scattering cloud of gas separate molecules do not extend, gravity connected bodies - galaxies, stars are exact as and in the extending universe, the Earth is not subject to space expansion. Certainly, they can and will extend and to be compressed, but it is caused by the internal reasons processes which occur inside these ph. Expansion to the Metagalaxy proceeds with delay, and for the future there are two opportunities. Delay is proportional to density of substance in the Metagalaxy. With expansion the density falls, delay decreases.

The situation when at today's speed of expansion the density of substance is enough pier and delay a little is probable. Then expansion will proceed beyond all bounds. But it is possible, that the density is great enough, so, delay of expansion is great. In result expansion stops and replaced by compression. So, for the Metagalaxy at this speed expansion and at small density typically unlimited expansion, at the big density - the expansion replaced by compression. There is critical a value of density of substance Pcritical, separating one case from another. We see, that the future of the Metagalaxy depends on size of actual average density of all kinds of a matter in the Metagalaxy. " The heat universe. " Till now spoke mainly about "mechanics" and "geometry" to the Metagalaxy and almost did not concern a question on physical processes with extending to the Metagalaxy. For calculations of physical processes first of all it is necessary to know, how there is an expansion of the Metagalaxy. Fridman model describing a homogeneous, isotropic Metagalaxy, gives the law of expansion. Supervision show, that now the big accuracy the Metagalaxy extends isotropically, and the density in the big scales is on the average homogeneous. The theory gives " the hot universe " certain a prediction for the contents of helium in subspaced substance. In the beginning, the Soviet physicist J.B.Zeldovich has noticed 60th years, that the assumption about "heatty" substance is not so necessary to avoid transformation of all substance into helium. It is possible to remain within the framework of cold model, but to consider, that the leptoned charge is not equal to zero. In this model it was supposed, that the substance in the beginning of cosmological expansion will consist of protons, electrons and the neutrino in equal amounts. Leptoned charge L is equal to two; entropy S is equal to zero. The equal number of electrons and protons is necessary from a condition of an electroneutrality of substance. The sense of a hypothesis of introduction of the neutrino of "cold" model consists that at high density in cold substance transformation of protons into neutrons according to the equation p+e n+v does not occur if already there is a neutrino. It is the neutrino do not allow to arise the new neutrino and process appears forbidden.

Originally theories of the hot and cold universe contacted attempts to give a full explanation of prevalence of chemical elements in subspaced substance. Attempts to find out, what theory is true, all over again went basically on a way of the analysis of supervision of prevalence of chemical elements. However such supervision and in particular their analysis are very difficult and depend on many assumptions. But the theory gives " the hot universe " an observant major prediction which is direct consequence "heat" the big entropy of substance. It - a prediction of existence during our epoch of relic electromagnetic radiation in the universe, stayed from that epoch when the substance in the past was dense and hot. Relic radiation. Relic radiation was openly perfect casually in 1965 employees of American company " Bell " the Penzias and Wilson at debugging the megaphoned radio antenna created for supervision of satellite " ECHO ". They have found out the weak background radionoise coming from space, not dependent on a direction of the aerial. The Dikke, Peebles, the Beater and the Wilkenson at once gave a cosmological explanation change of the Penzias and the Wilson, as the proof of hot model of the universe. Relic radiation has not arisen in what - or sources is similar to light of stars or the radiowaves, born in radiogalaxies. Relic radiation existed from the very beginning of expansion of the Metagalaxy. It was in hot substance of the universe which extended from a singularity. If to count up the general density of energy which today contains in relic radiation it appears in 30 times more, than density of energy in radiation from stars, radiogalaxies and other sources taken together. Opening of relic radiation is grandiose achievement of a modern science. It allows to tell, that at early stages of expansion of the Metagalaxy was hot. The prediction of relic radiation has been made within the framework of the theory of an extending Metagalaxy, therefore its opening once again shows correctness and fruitfulness for a cosmology of the way specified by works of A.A.Fridman.